A Motivational Approach to Sexual Desire: A Model for Self-Regulation

The main objective in this article was to identify the links between classical theories on motivation and postulates on the nature and workings of erotic desire, capturing these links in a model of the motivational processing of desire. The paper reviews the most relevant motivation theories identifying their links to the nature of erotic desire, relating the main variables of these motivation theories to the concept of desire, identifying the similarities between the elements of these constructs. The outcome was a theoretical model of the motivational processing of sexual desire that also includes processes for regulating desire in which a highlight is the interaction between external and internal factors in its development. We understand that these implications underpin the need to adopt a motivational and affective approach to erotic desire, as a process that can be self-regulated. This approach stress the need to continue analyzing the affective experience and the motivational process encapsulated in desire in order to increase our understanding of its activation and development (AU)

Detectando caras en un contexto de sorpresa e incertidumbre / Detecting facial expressions within a context of surprise and uncertainty

Las expresiones de amenaza son detectadas con rapidez y precisión, advirtiendo a quienes las observan de la presencia de un potencial peligro. Durante el proceso de detección, la expresión de sorpresa podría jugar un papel importante como clave de orientación en condiciones de incertidumbre donde se requiere una respuesta rápida y precisa. Con el objetivo de analizar este supuesto se plateó un experimento en el que participaron 70 sujetos que realizaron una tarea de señalización espacial, donde se utilizaron expresiones faciales de sorpresa (vs. neutra) como claves de orientación, y expresiones faciales de miedo, ira, alegría y neutras como estímulos objetivo. Los resultados mostraron un efecto facilitador de la expresión de sorpresa solo en la detección de la expresión de ira, reduciendo los tiempos de respuesta y el porcentaje de errores. Los datos apuntan a que la expresión de sorpresa, cuando se procesa como un estímulo independiente, podría facilitar la detección de aquellos estímulos que supongan una amenaza directa, como la expresión de ira, siendo esta distinción clave para entender en qué condiciones se detecta más eficazmente la expresión de ira respecto a otro tipo de expresiones.(AU)

Threatening expressions are detected quickly and accurately, warning the observer of the presence of a potential danger. During the de-tection process, a facial expression of surprise could play an important role as a cue for orientation in conditions of uncertainty that call for a swift and precise response. With a view to analysing this contingency, an experiment was conducted in which 70 subjects undertook a spatial cueing task that involved facial expressions of surprise (vs. neutral ones) as orientation cues, and facial expressions of fear, anger and happiness as target stimuli. The results revealed a priming effect of the expression of surprise solely in the detection of the expression of anger, reducing response times and the percentage of errors. Thedata indicate that the expression of surprise, when processed as an independent stimulus, could prime the detection of those stimuli that constitute a direct threat, such as the expression of anger, with this being a crucial distinction for understanding the circumstances in which the expression of anger is detected more effectively than other kinds of expressions.(AU)

Relaciones de la motivación con la metacognición y el desempeño en el rendimiento cognitivo en estudiantes de educación primaria / Links between motivation and metacognition and achievement in cognitive performance among primary school pupils

Diversas investigaciones destacan la importancia de la motivación en el rendimiento cognitivo y también la importancia de la motivación en la metacognición. El objetivo de esta investigación es indagar en las variables motivacionales que influyen en el rendimiento de tareas cognitivas y en la metacognición. La investigación se ha realizado en un colegio público de la Comunidad de Madrid. La muestra de este estudio corresponde a 354 alumnos de educación primaria, entre los 8 y 11 años de edad. Los instrumentos de medida seleccionados son: el cuestionario de Motivación hacia el Aprendizaje (MAPE-I), para las variables motivacionales; el Junior Meta-cognitive Awareness Inventory (Jr. MAI), para las variables metacognitivas y la batería de pruebas de Evaluación Neuropsicológica de las Funciones Ejecutivas en Niños (ENFEN), para la evaluación del rendimiento cognitivo. Los resultados obtenidos muestran efecto de la motivación de orientación al aprendizaje en relación con el rendimiento cognitivo en las pruebas que implican inhibición, flexibilidad y memoria operativa. También se observa efecto significativo entre la disposición al esfuerzo y la regulación del conocimiento. Igualmente, se analizan las relaciones entre las variables por curso para determinar el efecto de la edad. Se valoran las implicaciones educativas de los resultados

Sundry studies have emphasised the importance of motivation in cognitive performance, as well as its link to metacognitive development. The objective here is to explore the motivation variables that influence the performance of cognitive tasks, along with their effect on metacognition. The study sample consists of 354 primary school pupils aged 8-11 at a state school in the Community of Madrid (Spain). The following measuring instruments have been used for studying the variables: Motivación para el Aprendizaje y la Ejecución (MAPE-I) [Motivation for Learning and Execution], a questionnaire on motivation variables; the Junior Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (Jr. MAI), for metacognitive variables, and the bat-tery of tests in the Evaluación Neuropsicológica de las Funciones Ejecutivas en Ni-ños (ENFEN) [Neuropsychological Assessment of Executive Functions in Children], for assessing cognitive performance. The results reveal a signifi-cant effect between the motivation for focusing on learning and cognitive performance in the tasks that involve inhibition, flexibility, and working memory. We also find a significant effect between increased effort and knowledge regulation. Furthermore, we analyse the relations between the variables by school year to determine the age effect. We evaluate the results' academic implications

Impulsivity and the Experience of Desire in the Choice of Erotic Stimuli.

(1) Background: the relationship between erotic desire and personality factors is still relatively understudied. (2) Objective: to study the influence of the experience of desire, as well as impulsivity in the choice of videos, as the behavioral variable in the experimental trial. (2) Method: the sample consisted of 48 adult subjects, who took part in an experimental study that involved watching videos. (3) Results: the linear regression analysis revealed that the behavior involved in choosing videos is predicted by the sexual desire felt at the time of the trial, and not by stable personality factors, such as impulsivity or general self-report levels of sexual desire. (4) Conclusion: it is observed that the specific moment or situation and the behavior have a bigger impact on the erotic desire experienced at the time of the test than certain personality traits, as well as the previous and habitual levels of erotic desire of which an individual reports.

Sequential priming in the detection of the facial expression: new approach in the study of emotional detection

The effective detection of those facial expressions that alert us to a possible threat is adaptive. Hence the reason that studies on face sampling have involved analysing how this process occurs, with evidence to show that the eyes focus mainly on the upper side of the face; nevertheless, no clear determination has been made of the relationship between the efficacy in detection (speed and accuracy) and the way in which emotions are visually tracked on the face. A sequential priming task was therefore held in which the four quadrants of the face were displayed consecutively, for 50 ms each one, and in a different order (24 sequences). The results reveal a quicker response when the priming sequence begins in the upper part, continues downward to the right-hand side of the face, and then follows an anti-clockwise direction. The results are discussed in the light of studies using the Eye-Tracking technique

La eficacia en ladetección de las expresiones faciales que nos alertan deuna posible amenaza es adaptativa. Por esta razón, los estudios sobre rastreo facial se han interesado en el análisis de este proceso, encontrándose evidenciasde quela miradase enfoca prioritariamente a la parte superior del rostro; sin embargo, no se ha establecido de manera clara la relación entre la eficacia en la detección (velocidad y precisión)y la forma en la que se rastrean las expresiones faciales emocionales. Con el objetivo de aportarclaridad en este punto, se realizó una tarea de priming secuencial en la que se mostraban los cuatro cuadrantes de la cara de manera consecutiva, durante 50 ms cada uno, y en un orden diferente (24 secuencias). Los resultados mostraron una respuesta más rápida cuando las secuencias de priming comenzaban en la parte superior, continuabanhacia abajo en el lado derecho, y posteriormente seguían la dirección contraria a la agujas del reloj. Se discuten losresultados a la luz de los estudios que utilizan la técnica de Eye-Tracking

Análisis de las consecuencias cognitivas y afectivas de la violencia de género en relación con el tipo de maltrato / Analysis of the cognitive and affective consequences of gender violence in relation to the type of abuse

La violencia de género evidencia la desigualdad, la subordinación y las relaciones de poder de los hombres sobre las mujeres, que podrían generar déficits neuropsicológicos y síntomas psicopatológicos. Con el objetivo de analizar estas consecuencias se realizó una investigación en la que participaron 34 mujeres (17 víctimas de violencia de género, con edades entre los 25 y los 60 años). Las herramientas de evaluación utilizadas se han dividido en 2: por un lado, pruebas neuropsicológicas para medir la velocidad de procesamiento, la atención y la memoria: TMT A, TMT B, letras y números, cubos de Corsi, HVLT y d2; por otro lado, pruebas psicopatológicas para medir la ansiedad, la depresión, el abuso y el estrés postraumático: STAI, BDI-II, ISA y EGEP-5. Los resultados mostraron que el abuso está relacionado con mayores déficits neuropsicológicos y numerosos síntomas psicopatológicos. Además, los niveles altos de estrés se relacionaron con una peor memoria de trabajo. Por otro lado, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en relación con el tipo de abuso en los síntomas psicopatológicos, pero sí en algunas variables neuropsicológicas como la memoria a largo plazo y la memoria visual de trabajo. Los datos obtenidos apuntan a la necesidad de centrar la atención en la causa de estas diferencias que podrían estar relacionadas con el abuso físico y psicológico, así como en los efectos que estos déficits cognitivos y el incremento en los niveles de ansiedad y depresión tienen sobre la calidad de vida de las mujeres maltratadas

Gender violence demonstrates the inequality, subordination and the power in relations of men over women, which could generate neuropsychological deficits and psychopathological symptoms. In order to analyze these consequences, an investigation was carried out with 34 women (17 victims of gender-based violence aged between 25 and 60). The assessment tools used for this research study have been divided into 2: on the one hand, neuropsychological measures composed of: TMT A, TMT B, letters and numbers, Corsi cubes, HVLT and d2 Attention Test. These tools have been used to measure processing speed, attention and memory. On the other hand, psychopathological tests STAI, BDI-II, ISA and EGEP-5 have been used to measure anxiety, depression, abuse and post-traumatic stress respectively. After the data analysis, the results demonstrated that the abuse is related to greater neuropsychological deficits and psychopathological symptoms. In addition, high levels of stress were associated with a worse working memory. Furthermore, no significant differences were found in relation to the type of abuse in psychopathological symptoms, but they appeared in some neuropsychological variables such as long-term memory and working visual memory. The data obtained in this study point out the necessity to focus the attention on the cause of these differences since they could be related to physical and psychological abuse, as well as the effects that these cognitive deficits and the increase in levels of anxiety and depression have on battered women's quality of life

Cultura, experiencias negativas y diferencias en la percepción de la expresión facial de ira / Culture, Negative Experience and Differences in the Perception of Facial Expressions of Anger

Resumen En el contexto del debate de la universalidad de la expresión y reconocimiento de la expresión facial, se estudió cómo las personas perciben diferentes emociones en una misma expresión facial y el papel de la experiencia, dentro de diferentes culturas, en este proceso. Se utilizaron doce expresiones faciales obtenidas del Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy-Adult Faces (DANVA), administrando una tarea de reconocimiento emocional a 90 sujetos (mexicanos y españoles). Ante la expresión de ira, la muestra mexicana percibió en menor grado las emociones no predominantes, respecto a la muestra española. Se discuten los resultados dentro de las teorías neodarwinianas de la emoción, entendiendo que podría derivarse del sesgo generado por la mayor experiencia negativa que la población mexicana tiene.

Abstract In the context of the debate on the universality of expression and recognition of facial expression, we studied how people perceive different emotions in the same facial expression and the role of experience, within different cultures, in this process. Twelve facial expressions obtained from the Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy-Adult Faces (DANVA) were used, administering an emotional recognition task to 90 subjects (Mexican and Spanish).Faced with the expression of anger, the Mexican sample perceived to a lesser extent non-predominant emotions, compared to the Spanish sample.The results are discussed within the Neo-Darwinian theories of emotion, understanding that it could be derived from the bias generated by the greater negative experience that the Mexican population has.

A bibliometric study of the scientific publications on patient-reported outcomes in rheumatology.

INTRODUCTION: We have conducted a bibliometric study of the scientific publications on patient-reported outcomes in the field of rheumatology. METHODS: SCOPUS was the database used in this bibliometric study. We performed two searches. The main search involved selecting the documents published between 2000 and 2014 limited to top-tier journals addressing rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases, using specific descriptors together with the operator and main descriptor "patient-reported outcomes" (PROs), and we performed a secondary search, with the following specific descriptors: "pain," "functional capacity," and "fatigue." We used bibliometric indicators for articles distribution (Price's law for the increase of scientific literature and Bradford's law for dispersion of articles). We also calculated the participation index of the different countries. RESULTS: A total of 983 original articles were published between 2000 and 2014. Our results confirmed the fulfilment of Price's law (correlation coefficient r = 0.9385 after linear adjustment). The average number of articles per Bradford Zone was 327.6. A total of 30 different journals were published. The type of growth for the descriptors "pain" (r2 = 0.5417 compared to r2 = 0.4839) and "fatigue" (r2 = 06276 compared to r2 = 0.5544) is exponential, whereas it is linear for the descriptor "functional capacity" (r2 = 0.6769 compared to r2 = 0.3779). DISCUSSION: This study revealed significant linear growth of patient-related outcomes in global terms, as well as upward trends for most of the citation-based bibliometric indices, especially significant from 2010 to 2014. Pain and fatigue have greater growth as PRO concepts.

Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Adaptation of the Anger Rumination Scale: Evidence of Reliability and Validity in the General Population.

The key role of rumination and perseveration processes in anger experience has been empirically supported. The tendency to ruminate has been demonstrated to be crucial in understanding pathological and adaptive behaviours. The Anger Rumination Scale (ARS) was developed to assess anger rumination frequency when people are angry, showing adequate levels of reliability and validity. However, although it has been adapted to several languages, the development of the Spanish version was still pending. The aim of this study, therefore, was to develop the Spanish adaptation of the ARS and to validate it in a general population sample (N = 388). Participants were asked to complete the ARS as well as other measures of anger (STAXI-2), anxiety (STAI-T), depression (BDI-II short form), rumination (PSWQ), and thought self-regulation (TCQ). A confirmatory factor analysis replicated the four-factor structure obtained with the original version (S-B χ2(145) = 323.26, p < .00005; CFI = .92; TLI = .90; RMSEA = .06; SRMR = .05). The resulting subscales (i.e., Angry Afterthoughts, Angry Memories, Thoughts of Revenge, and Understanding of Causes) met psychometric criteria of reliability (α = .89) and validity. In conclusion, a psychometrically sound Spanish adaptation of the ARS is now available.

Psychometric properties of the Spanish adaptation of the anger rumination scale: evidence of reliability and validity in the general population

The key role of rumination and perseveration processes in anger experience has been empirically supported. The tendency to ruminate has been demonstrated to be crucial in understanding pathological and adaptive behaviours. The Anger Rumination Scale (ARS) was developed to assess anger rumination frequency when people are angry, showing adequate levels of reliability and validity. However, although it has been adapted to several languages, the development of the Spanish version was still pending. The aim of this study, therefore, was to develop the Spanish adaptation of the ARS and to validate it in a general population sample (N = 388). Participants were asked to complete the ARS as well as other measures of anger (STAXI-2), anxiety (STAI-T), depression (BDI-II short form), rumination (PSWQ), and thought self-regulation (TCQ). A confirmatory factor analysis replicated the four-factor structure obtained with the original version (S-B χ2(145) = 323.26, p < .00005; CFI = .92; TLI = .90; RMSEA = .06; SRMR = .05). The resulting subscales (i.e., Angry Afterthoughts, Angry Memories, Thoughts of Revenge, and Understanding of Causes) met psychometric criteria of reliability (α = .89) and validity. In conclusion, a psychometrically sound Spanish adaptation of the ARS is now available (AU)

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Stress induced by the socially evaluated cold-pressor test cause equivalent deficiencies of sensory gating in male subjects with schizophrenia and healthy controls.

It is known that patients with schizophrenia show a deficiency in the prepulse inhibition reflex (PPI). These patients display abnormalities in autonomic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function and may have an altered sensitivity to stress. To date, no studies have been carried out to determine the effect of acute stress on the PPI. We investigated whether there was a differential response in reactivity to acute stress caused by the socially evaluated cold-pressor test (SECPT) in a sample of 58 chronic male patients with schizophrenia and 28 healthy control subjects. PPI, salivary cortisol and heart rate (HR) were measured. The patients were evaluated in two sessions (with and without the SECPT) 72 h apart and basal measurements were carried out and 30 min post-startle probe. We found an increase in salivary cortisol levels and the HR with SECPT condition in both groups and a significantly lower PPI% in patients with schizophrenia. The most relevant findings of this study are that the impairment of the PPI is increased by stress. Stress-induced increase in cortisol in both groups, mainly in healthy control group which allows us to hypothesize that at least such deterioration may be due to the hypercortisolemia caused by the SECPT.

Turnos y estrés psicosocial en los policías locales de Madrid / Shifwork and psychosocial stress in the local pólice officers of Madrid

Determinadas profesiones, como la Policía Local, deben prestar un servicio a los ciudadanos las veinticuatro horas del día; por lo tanto, los turnos de trabajo son necesarios para garantizar este servicio permanente. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido valorar el riesgo de estrés psicosocial (Cuestionario de evaluación de riesgos psicosociales Decore) y el estrés laboral percibido (Escala de Apreciación del Estrés Socio-Laboral) del trabajo a turnos en un grupo de 462 policías locales de la Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid (España). Los resultados obtenidos indican que todos los trabajadores se encuentran al menos en nivel de alerta en todos los riesgos psicosociales (excepto en demandas y recompensas), siendo el turno rotativo mañana-noche el más adverso desde el punto de vista psicosocial. Con respecto al estrés laboral percibido, los trabajadores del turno fijo de noche tienen menos estrés que el turno rotativo mañana-noche. Finalmente se sugieren algunas recomendaciones para investigaciones futuras; así como las limitaciones de este estudio

Certain jobs, such as the Local Police, have to be available to the citizen at all times; as a result, shiftwork is necessary to ensure this permanent service. The aim of this paper is to know the psychosocial stress risk level (Decore Questionnaire of evaluation of psychosocial risks) and the per-ceived work stress (Social Work Stress Appreciation Scale) in shift work, in a group of 462 local police officers of the Madrid Community (Spain). The re-sults show that all the workers are at the alert level or over in all psychosocial risks (except in demands and rewards) being the rotational morning-night shift the most adverse from the psychosocial point of view. Regarding perceived work stress, fixed night shift workers show less stress than the rotational morning-night shift workers. Finally, the study limi-tations are indicated and some recommendations are suggested for future research

Aproximaciones a la Psicología Clínica desde diferentes paradigmas: más caminos para enfocar la intervención / Approaches to Clinical Psychology from different paradigms: Additional ways to address intervention

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Sensibilidad a la recompensa y al castigo, personalidad, impulsividad y aprendizaje: un estudio en un contexto de violencia de pareja / Sensitivity to reward and punishment, personality, impulsivity, and learning: A study in a context of intimate partner violence

El objetivo de la presente investigación es estudiar los patrones de sensibilidad a la recompensa y al castigo en una tarea de aprendizaje y su relación con distintas dimensiones de personalidad en una muestra de 81 mujeres víctimas de violencia de pareja. Se evalúa la sensibilidad a la recompensa y al castigo, el afecto positivo y negativo, la impulsividad y la personalidad de los participantes mediante pruebas de auto-informe. En relación al aprendizaje, realizan una tarea de aprendizaje de inversión afectivo. Los análisis de varianza muestran la escasa relación entre medidas de autoinforme y lo que deberían ser sus correlatos conductuales en el paradigma de inversión afectiva, discutiéndose tanto sus implicaciones teóricas como aplicadas

The aim of this research is to study sensitivity to reward and punishment patterns in a learning and their relation to different personality dimensions in a sample of 81 female victims of intimate partner violence. Sensitivity to reward and punishment, positive and negative affection, impulsivity and personality of the articipants are all evaluated through self-report evidence. In order to assess the impact upon learning, an emotional reversal learning task is performed. The ANOVA (analysis of variance) tests that were run show little relationship between self-report measures and what their behavioral correlates should be in the affective reversal learning paradigm, discussing both theoretical and applied implications

Bases científicas y bioéticas del análisis de validez en medicina evaluadora / Bioethical and scientific basis of validity analysis in disability assessment medicine

El contexto médico legal en el que se desarrolla la Medicina Evaluadora, permitiendo el acceso a prestaciones económicas, obliga a considerar la validez -firmeza, consistencia y valor legal- en las consultas de valoración médica de incapacidad. Por otra parte, en el ámbito médico asistencial son habituales los casos biomédicamente inexplicables que, además, se acompañan de elevados niveles subjetivos de sufrimiento, para los que se ha propuesto el término MUPS. Lógicamente, para proteger el principio deontológico de Justicia, en un contexto de recursos limitados, resulta necesario considerar una posible distorsión clínica -discrepancias marcadas entre la afectación o las limitaciones funcionales mostradas y los elementos clínicos objetivos- y sus principales causas; desde trastornos conversivos o somatomorfos en el extremo de lo involuntario, hasta el fraude de la simulación pura. Adicionalmente, dado que la enfermedad y la discapacidad son conductas sujetas al aprendizaje y condicionamiento operante, el mismo análisis de validez nos permitirá actuar conforme a los principios de Beneficiencia y No Maleficencia, evitando reforzar las conductas injustificadas de enfermedad que pueden cristalizar en un Síndrome de Invalidez Aprendida

The forensic context in which dissability assessment medicine is practised, allowing access to workers' compensation benefits, requires consideration of the validity -firmness, consistency and legal acceptability- of medical disability assessment interviews. On the other hand, in assistential medicine biomedically unexplained cases -for which the term MUPS is proposed- are common, often accompanied by high levels of subjective suffering. Logically, to protect the ethic principle of Justice in a context of limited resources, to consider any clinical distortion -marked discrepancy between the person's claimed stress or disability and the objective clinical findings- and their root causes, from somatoform or conversion disorders at the end of the involuntary, to pure malingering is mandatory. Additionally, since disease and disability are subject to learning and operant conditioning behaviors, the same validity analysis will allow us to act according to the principles of Beneficence and Non-maleficence, avoiding reinforce abnormal illness behaviors that can crystallize in the Learned Disability Syndrome

A bibliometric study of scientific research conducted on second-generation antipsychotic drugs in Singapore.

INTRODUCTION: A bibliometric study was carried out to ascertain the volume and impact of scientific literature published on second-generation antipsychotic drugs (SGAs) in Singapore from 1997 to 2011. METHODS: A search of the EMBASE and MEDLINE databases was performed to identify articles originating from Singapore that included the descriptors 'atypic* antipsychotic*', 'second-generation antipsychotic*', 'clozapine', 'risperidone', 'olanzapine', 'ziprasidone', 'quetiapine', 'sertindole', 'aripiprazole', 'paliperidone', 'amisulpride', 'zotepine', 'asenapine', 'iloperidone', 'lurasidone', 'perospirone' and 'blonanserin' in the article titles. Certain bibliometric indicators of production and dispersion (e.g. Price's Law on the increase of scientific literature, and Bradford's Law) were applied, and the participation index of various countries was calculated. The bibliometric data was also correlated with some social and health data from Singapore, such as the total per capita expenditure on health and gross domestic expenditure on research and development. RESULTS: From 1997 to 2011, a total of 51 articles on SGAs in Singapore were published. Our results suggested non-fulfilment of Price's Law (r = 0.0648 after exponential adjustment vs. r = 0.2140 after linear adjustment). The most widely studied drugs were clozapine (21 articles), risperidone (16 articles) and olanzapine (8 articles). Division into Bradford zones yielded a nucleus occupied by the Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology (6 articles) and the Singapore Medical Journal(4 articles). The analysed material was published in a total of 30 journals, with the majority from six journals. Four of these six journals have an impact factor greater than 2. CONCLUSION: Publications on SGAs in Singapore are still too few to confirm an exponential growth of scientific literature.

Negative affect in systemic sclerosis.

Negative affect appears frequently in rheumatic diseases, but studies about their importance and prevalence in systemic sclerosis patients are scarce, and the results are inconclusive separately. We conducted a comprehensive search on April 2013 of PubMed, Medline, and PsycINFO databases to identify original research studies published. A total of 48 studies were included in this systematic review. We found negative emotions have very high levels in these patients, compared to both healthy population other chronic rheumatic patients assessed with the same instruments and cutoffs. Depression has been, of the three negative emotions that we approach to in this review, the most widely studied in systemic sclerosis, followed by anxiety. Despite the fact that anger is a common emotion in these diseases is poorly studied. Methodologic issues limited the ability to draw strong conclusions from studies of predictors. Disease-specific symptoms (swollen joints, gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms and digital ulcers) and factors related to physical appearance were associated with negative emotions. Interdisciplinary care and biopsychosocial approach would have a great benefit in the clinical management of these patients.

Lectura de la expresión facial de las emociones: Investigación básica en la mejora del reconocimiento de emociones / Reading Facial Expressions of Emotions: Basic Research on Emotions Recognition Improvement

En este artículo se revisan dos importantes descubrimientos de la psicología de la emoción: la universalidad de las expresiones faciales de la emoción y la existencia de microexpresiones, así como la forma en que se han utilizado como base del desarrollo de programas de entrenamiento y mejora de la habilidad de reconocimiento. Se comentan los aspectos más importantes de su aplicación al mundo real en diversos ámbitos profesionales y personales. Por último se concluye que, aun existiendo una tasa baja de precisión en el reconocimiento de las microexpresiones por parte de la gran mayoría de la población, existen herramientas que desarrollan la capacidad de reconocimiento de la expresión emocional facial

In this article we review two important discoveries of psychology of emotion: the universality of facial expressions of emotion and the existence of microexpressions and how they have been used as a basis for the development of training and improving recognition ability programs. We discuss the most important aspects of their application to the real world in various professional and personal spheres. Finally we conclude that, despite the low rate of accuracy in recognizing microexpressions by the majority of the people, there are tools to develop the ability to recognize facial emotion expression

Emoción, contexto verbal y percepción de la expresión verbal: Dime quién eres y te diré cómo te percibo / Emotion, verbal context and facial expression perception: Tell me who you are and I will tell you how I perceive you

La percepción de la expresión facial en un contexto verbal facilita la activación del conocimiento conceptual a través del cual es interpretada. Con el objetivo de analizar cómo la emoción, a través del contexto verbal, modula la percepción de la expresión facial en sus niveles de valencia, activación y control, se realizó un primer experimento en el que se generó el contexto verbal mediante palabras de contenido emocional (positivo, negativo), antes del reconocimiento de una expresión mixta de alegría y tristeza. En un segundo experimento, manteniendo neutros tanto contexto verbal como expresión facial, se indujo un estado afectivo positivo o negativo, antes o después de la codificación del contexto verbal. En el primer experimento, la condición de contexto verbal positivo facilitó que la cara mixta de alegría se percibiera con una expresión de mayor seguridad/confianza (control) respecto a la cara mixta de tristeza. En el segundo experimento, la emoción positiva inducida de manera previa a la codificación del contexto verbal, generó que la cara se percibiera con una expresión de mayor activación, respecto a cuando la emoción fue negativa. Se discuten los resultados a partir del modelo constructivista de la emoción

Verbal context in the perception of facial expression facilitates the activation of conceptual knowledge through which is interpreted. With the aim of analyzing how emotion, via verbal context, modulates valence, arousal and control levels in the perception of facial expression, a first experiment was performed in which verbal context was generated using words with emotional content (positive, negative), prior to recognition of an expression mixed with happiness and sadness. In a second experiment, while maintaining both verbal and facial expression context neutral, a positive or negative affective state was induced either before or after the coding of verbal context. In the first experiment, the positive verbal context condition facilitated the face mixed with happiness to be perceived as an expression of greater security/trust (control) with respect to the face mixed with sadness. In the second experiment, the positive emotion induced prior to coding the verbal context produced the face to be perceived as having an expression of greater activation with respect to when the emotion was negative. The results are discussed from constructivist model of emotion

Fibromialgia: ¿exageración o simulación? / Fibromyalgia: Exaggeration or malingering?

Se presenta un estudio multidimensional de la exageración de síntomas en pacientes con fibromialgia. El objetivo principal es detectar patrones discriminantes de simulación de discapacidad relacionada con el dolor con el fin de desarrollar un protocolo detallado para la evaluación de sospecha de simulación en los casos con síntomas físicos o psicológicos falsos o exagerados motivados por incentivos externos. La muestra total (N = 113) estuvo compuesta por cuatro grupos: pacientes con fibromialgia no litigantes (n = 36), pacientes con fibromialgia en situación de litigancia (n = 26), participantes análogos (n = 21) y grupo control (n = 30). Se administraron diferentes pruebas médicas y psicológicas a los participantes, incluyendo pruebas médicas complementarias, la adaptación española de la Escala de Auto–Eficacia (Baessler y Schwarzer, 1996), la Escala de Satisfacción Personal Vital (González Ordi, Santamaría y Casado Morales, 2012), la adaptación española del Cuestionario de Impacto de Fibromialgia (FIQ, Monterde, Salvat, Montull y Fernández-Ballart, 2004), la versión española de la Encuesta de Salud SF-36 (Alonso, Prieto y Antó, 1995), la adaptación española del Inventario Estructurado de Simulación de Síntomas (SIMS, González Ordi y Santamaría, 2009) y la adaptación española del Inventario de Personalidad de Minnesota- 2- Formulario Reestructurado (MMPI-2-RF, Ben-Porath y Tellegen, 2008a). Se presentan datos sobre las diferencias entre grupos y la precisión de predicción de los instrumentos utilizados. También se aborda un protocolo para la detección de la simulación en base a los resultados del perfil diferencial entre la fibromialgia no litigante y litigantes (AU)

A multidimensional study on symptom exaggeration in fibromyalgia patients is presented. The main aim is to detect discriminant patterns of malingered pain-related disability in order to develop a detailed protocol for the assessment of suspected malingering in cases of false or grossly exaggerated physical or psychological symptoms motivated by external incentives. Overall sample (N = 113) consisted of four groups: fibromyalgia patients not involved in litigation (n = 36), fibromyalgia patients involved in litigation (n = 26), analogue fibromyalgia-instructed participants (n = 21), and control group (n = 30). Several medical and psychological tests were administered to participants, including medical complementary tests, the Spanish adaptation of the General Self-Efficacy Scale (Baessler & Schwarzer, 1996), the Life Personal Self-Report Scale (González-Ordi, Santamaría, & Casado-Morales, 2012), the Spanish adaptation of the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnarie (FIQ, Monterde, Salvat, Montull, & Fernández-Ballart, 2004), the Spanish version of the SF-36 Health Survey (Alonso, Prieto, & Antó, 1995), the Spanish adaptation of the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS, González-Ordi & Santamaría, 2009), and the Spanish adaptation of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF, Ben-Porath & Tellegen, 2008a). Data on mean group differences and predictive accuracy of the instruments used are presented. A protocol for the detection of malingering based on the differential profile scores between fibromyalgia non-litigants and litigants are also addressed (AU)